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1.

One of the ironies of counterfeiting is that while it reduces demand for authentic products—thus reducing employment that would otherwise be employed in making those products—it also creates jobs in the factories, sweatshops, and back-alley operations where counterfeits are made.

“In advanced Western economies, job creation is regarded as a vital imperative for all governments and politicians. This is because unemployment impacts on society in all sorts of ways, in lost tax revenue, unemployment pay, and attendant social costs. In developing countries where counterfeiting is rife, different considerations apply. Counterfeiters are able to tap a vast pool of low cost labor, which has no access to the sort of welfare benefits available in well developed industrialized countries. In addition, taxes are minimal or nonexistent, and counterfeiters can masquerade as Robin Hood figures providing a valuable service for the community at the expense of ‘wealthy” rights owners ... the message is that (while counterfeiting does destroy the jobs of victim companies and their suppliers...it does create jobs for those in the counterfeiting industry. This of course may well be one reason why countries that have become well known as havens of counterfeiting have been reluctant to clamp down on this industry too hard.”—Peter Lowe, Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau.

In those economies where counterfeiting is an industry itself, jobs are created when counterfeiters employ people to make fake products. In one startling example described by the Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau, an investigator in China visiting the city of Wenzhou, about 400 kilometres south of Shanghai, uncovered a vast industrial zone, with perhaps as many as a thousand companies engaged in the business of producing counterfeit low-voltage electrical switchgear. The investigator estimated that somewhere between 2,00,000 to 3,00,000 people were employed in these businesses.

Although this type of employment may appear as a benefit to those being employed, it often has other problems associated with it. The same investigator who described the switchgear counterfeiting industry in Wenzhou also described seeing child labor in the various establishments producing fake products. He described unsafe working conditions, with the assembly of finished goods often taking place on the street. Workers are paid by the piece, and unprotected by any insurance, benefits, union representation, or holidays.

Poor working conditions are endemic throughout much of the developing world—where much counterfeiting takes place. But one key difference between being employed by a counterfeiter and being employed by a legitimate industry is obvious : Counterfeiters have little long-term incentive to improve working conditions, and any legislation or change in government policy would not likely affect counterfeiters. When government interference or regulation becomes too onerous— or makes counterfeiting too risky an occupation in a certain location—the counterfeiters simply move to a more conducive locale.

It may not come as a surprise, though, to realize that support in local communities for counterfeiters can be quite high—these establishments, while illegal, create employment.Often this support can overwhelm government attempts to enforce crack downs :

A violent conflict erupted in Xintang Town, Zengchen City when 5,000 people who were involved in the manufacture of fake jeans and other imitation products confronted a team of government officials who had been sent to crack down on the trade in counterfeits. In what must have been a chilling experience for the enforcers, the local people surrounded the motorcade of more than 60 government officials, reporters and public security officers from Guangzhou who had come to maintain order. The situation turned critical when some of the local people threatened to disarm the public security officials. A “stand off” of more than three hours ensued after which negotiations were started which finally diffused the situation.

The costs of hosting counterfeiting to a community are not simply those normally associated with low wages and child labor in unsafe conditions. More far-reaching consequences are being uncovered as the scope of counterfeiting throughout the globe has become more apparent. In the McKinsey Quarterly in the spring of 2000, a group of McKinsey consultants looked at the Russian economy’s inability to generate growth throughout the 1990s. Among the factors cited as contributing to the poor labor productivity and the disincentive to invest in research and development was counterfeiting:

The software industry, one of the prime creators of jobs and value in healthy modern economies, employs a mere 8,000 workers in Russia, compared with 6,40,000 in the United States. Why is this important industry so small? For starters, 89% of all packaged software in Russia is produced illegally. Russian packaged-software firms, therefore, can’t produce sufficient returns to justify investing in new products, or in research and development to improve existing ones. In addition, the softwareconsuming sectors, whose demand drives the emergence and growth of software firms, are both smaller and less interested in productivity-enhancing software tools than are their Western counterparts. In modern economies, for example, supermarkets —with their complex inventory management systems—are big consumers of software, but Russia has few of them. Similarly, modern banks use software to keep costs low and customer service high, but in Russia, where success in banking depends on relationships with the authorities, the demand for banking software is nearly nonexistent relative to demand in the United States.

This conclusion was echoed in the Counterfeiting Intelligence Bureau’s book Countering Counterfeiting, which also concluded that “another national consequence resulting from the costs incurred by ‘victim’ companies is a general decline in R&D, since a company cannot expect the full return from its investment.

In addition, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has highlighted the loss of direct foreign investment that can arise as a result of a country becoming known as a haven for counterfeiting. In the OECD’s own report on the Economic Impact of Counterfeiting (1998), the organization writes that “such countries suffer both tangible and intangible losses... foreign producers of reputable products become reluctant to manufacture their products in countries where counterfeiting is rife as they cannot rely on the enforcement of their intellectual property rights. Hence, such countries not only lose direct foreign investment but also miss out on foreign know-how.”

While counterfeiting can create jobs, it can also create a series of other problems that ultimately could lead to an economy being less competitive, less integrated into the stream of international commerce, and less productive than economies where governments choose to crack down on counterfeiters.

[1]	Which one of the following would be a suitable title for the passage? (1) Economic and social consequences of counterfeiting (2) The irony of counterfeiting as a creater of employment (3) Social consequences of counterfeiting (4) Advantages and disadvantages of counterfeiting

[2]

Based on the arguments presented in the passage which concrete inference can be made regarding counterfeiting:
(1) counterfeiting exists because there is a market for it
(2) all of the above
(3) counterfeiting is a necessary evil in developing countries as it generates employment
(4) counterfeiting hurts the economy of developed nations

[3]

In Russia the software industry is small because:
(1) almost 90% packaged software is illegal and therefore its market also is limited
(2) all of the above
(3) very little money is invested in R&D needed for developing new softwares that can help the industry grow
(4) Russian banks and supermarkets do not need complex software solutions, and so there is no market for software development in this area

[4]	What are some of the consequences of counterfeiting in developing countries? (1) It perpetuates poor global work ethics (2) (3) and (4) (3) It encourages exploitation of labour (4) It discourages investments in research and development

[5]

Which statement is true?
(1) The confrontation between the crackdown team against counterfeiting and thousands of people involved in manufacture of counterfeit goods turned violent in Xintang Town, Zengchen city
(2) All the statements are true
(3) 5,000 people from Wenzhou confronted 60 government officials from Guangzhao
(4) People of Zengchen city were exploited by their employers and worked in poor conditions

[6]	In the final analysis who benefits from counterfeiting? (1) Counterfeiting organization and its employees (2) No one (3) Developing countries and its people (4) The counterfeiting organization

[7]

What recommendations would you like to make to developing countries which engage in producing counterfeit goods?
(1) The passage does not provide information for making recommendations
(2) Allow global regulatory agencies to independently handle the counterfeit economy
(3) Clamp down on organizations which produce counterfeit goods
(4) Allow employment through counterfeit but force, such organizations, to provide better work conditions to the employees

[8]

Which cluster according to you is the best solution for handling the problem of counterfeiting?
(1) Play of market forces; sanctions; allow counterfeiting .
(2) None of the above
(3) Allow counterfeiting; regulate work conditions; invest in R&D
(4) MOU between original and counterfeiting organization; government regulation; activism

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2.

How can technology be defined? Technology often is considered a means to a particular end, the means being artificially created, not natural, and something that is not directly necessary for the individual or the end user; it serves, rather, to fulfil the need to produce something that is later to be consumed. However, we use the term in a broader sense. We regard technology as being more than just sum of such artefacts, which are merely the crystallized, concrete manifestations of human behavioural patterns. A method is the how, the way in which a goal is reached and which involves the use of means. A means is a medium in that it mediates between the starting point and the desired result, regardless of what sort of action is involved. Thus one could speak of social technology (e.g., psychotherapy) as a technology and not merely of technology as something used for material production in a society. So technology also includes the knowhow involved in the use of the application of the artefacts. In short, technology embraces the ways and means of acting in pursuit of a goal.

How can culture be defined? Using the same analogy of technology, it could be understood to be an equally artefactbased concept, which is not a means to an end, but rather an end in itself. That is to say, it is not in itself an essential of life, but rather something that represents a human desire (i.e., what makes humans distinct from other living beings). Here, too, there is a notion that culture is not only the result of a process but also this very process itself as it moves towards a goal; that is to say, culture is a characteristic of goal-oriented actions (i.e., striving towards goals as well as the goals themselves).

Are there imaginable connections between culture and technology? The two ideal typical extreme positions are well known, each making a single direction of determination.

The first position can be referred to as technological determinism, which postulates the total, or at least dominating, influence of technology on culture. Technology is supposed to develop more or less on its own, pushing social development along as it goes. this may be interpreted positively or negatively. An uncritical opinion of Marxist origin saw social advancement as an inevitable result of technical achievements, just as the ideology of the bourgeoisie justified the progress of technically possible as socially desirable. This view is opposed entirely by fundamentalists who hold technological development responsible for the loss of human values in a society. Neither philosophy accepts the possibility of technological development being influenced in any way. Both ignore the fact that there would be no such development if multinational corporations and national governments were to stop investing in research and development; if there was no political, economic and military interests. The fact that on a micro-level there are countless thousands of engineers constantly involved in technology design, and that on a macrolevel managers and politicians decide which technological options are realised, supports the second theory—social constructivism—that technology is constructed deliberately to be a part of a society. According to this view, the interests of those groups that dominate the genesis of technology finally are embodied in the technology, which in itself cannot be neutral. Here again both a critical and an approving variant may be distinguished. While one bemoan the inability of existing technology to pursue ethically justifiable, socially acceptable, and peaceful and environmentally sound objectives, the other sees the existing economic, democratic and human rights structures as the best guarantee of developing optimal technological options. Both approaches neglect the inherent dynamism within technological development.

Do the two theories—technological determinism and social constructivism—together give a realistic view of the relationship between culture and technology? This would mean that two equally matched factors—technical and cultural would not be complete without other. Though as a corollary you may like to add that they are a little independent also of each other. This is a superficial answer. A better explanation can be put forward. Technology is based on cooperation, be it in the application of special methods, the implementation of these in specific social areas, their invention and development or any situation in which skills and knowledge of members of society are required. The same holds true for convictions, value judgements, instructions, standards, behavioural pattern and the like. These are just as much part of content that promote or discourage technological methods. Technology makes every technologically mediated action into a socially determined one, and its use is a human characteristic. Technological development is part of cultural development; this means that technology is part of culture, and their relationship to each other is one of part and whole. Culture is the all embracing factor in this context.

In each part whole relationship, the parts are the necessary precondition for the emergence of the whole but are not the sufficient condition for the complete determination of the result. The whole arises from parts but exerts control over them in the form of downward causation. This means technology has the purpose of solving social problems. Social interests and culture are therefore in the origin of invention of technology—and culture becomes the reason for the existence of technology. But technology is ambivalent, sometimes it fails to do what is wanted, and other times not only fulfils expectations but goes on to do other useful tasks not anticipated. Realizable goals therefore, do not exist at the start of the process, but may be discovered as option made available by technology. However, whether society decides to pursue these goals on grounds they are possible is no longer a question of technology but rather social decision making.

To conclude, the relationship of technology and culture is dialectic. A relationship is usually dialectic if, first, the sides of the relation are opposed to each other; second, both sides depend on each other; and third, they form a relationship that is asymmetrical. A part-whole relationship is dialectic since part and whole represent opposites, the whole depends on parts as well as parts on the whole, and parts and whole build up a hierarchy in which the different levels cannot be replaced by each other. Such is the relationship between technology and culture.

[1]

With respect to “defining technology” which statement is true?
(1) Technology is the sum of the artefacts which are crystallized and concrete manifestations of human behavioural patterns.
(2) None of the above.
(3) Technology is a complex phenomenon and is about the “know how” and “means” to achieve goals that are not natural to human beings.
(4) Technology is more than the sum of parts that mediates goals and the realization of goals.

[2]

Which statement best represents the ‘meaning of culture’?
(1) Culture is the set of goal oriented activities and their solutions, that are shared by a particular group.
(2) All of the above.
(3) Culture is the summation of goals that people strive for and the means to achieve them.
(4) The trajectory of fulfilling human desires, through chosen ways and the resultant outcomes is culture.

[3]	Which statement is true? (1) Technology and culture shape each other equally. (2) All are wrong. (3) Technology shapes culture. (4) Culture shapes technology.

[4]	What is common between technology and culture? (1) Both lead to new needs and desired goals (2) Statement (3) and (4) (3) Both are shared phenomenon (4) Both are shaped by each other

[5]	Which of the following statements is true? (1) The Fundamentalists are against technological development. (2) All the statements are correct. (3) The bourgeoisie equate technological growth with socially desirable. (4) The Marxists believe that technology propel social advancement.

[6]

The passage refers to part-whole relationship. Which of the following statements is correct in this regard?
(1) The relationship between part-whole is bidirectional, dynamic and hierarchical.
(2) (3) and (4) are correct.
(3) In part-whole relationships, the whole is sum of parts.
(4) The whole exerts influence on parts, and not the other way round.

[7]

Which of the following statements is false?
(1) Realizable goals do not exist, unless technology finds ways to realize them.
(2) All goals that are realizable are based on societal decisions.
(3) Technology is ambivalent; it both realizes social goals and changes pre-existing goals.
(4) Culture defines goals that technology strives to realize.

[8]

The passage talks of three viewpoints regarding the relationship between technology and culture. Which of the following does not represent a viewpoint?
(1) Technological determinism and social constructivism together give a realistic view of the relationship between technology and culture.
(2) Technology has the task of functioning as a means for solving social problems, and culture influences the invention, diffusion and application of technology; but sometimes technology also creates new goals.
(3) Technology develops more or less on its own, pushing social development.
(4) Interests of those groups that dominate the genesis of technology finally are embodied in the technology.

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3.

A creamy blur of succulent blue sound smells like weekold strawberries dropped onto a tin sieve as mother approaches in a halo of color, chatter, and a perfume like thick golden butterscotch. Newborns ride on intermingling waves of sight, sound, touch, taste, and, especially, smell. As Daphne and Charles Maurer remind us in The World of the Newborn:

His world smells to him much as our world smells to us, but he does not perceive odors as coming through his nose alone. He hears odors, and sees odors, and feels them too. His world is a mêlée of pungent aromas—and pungent sounds, and bitter-smelling sounds, and sweet-smelling sights, and soursmelling pressures against the skin. If we could visit the newborn’s world, we would think ourselves inside a hallucinogenic perfumery.

In time, the newborn learns to sort and tame all its sensory impressions, some of which have names, many of which will remain nameless to the end of its days. Things that elude our verbal grasp are hard to pin down and almost impossible to remember. A cozy blur in the nursery vanishes into the rigorous categories of common sense. But for some people, that sensory blending never quits, and they taste baked beans whenever they hear the word “Francis”, as one woman reported, or see yellow on touching a matte surface, or smell the passage of time. The stimulation of one sense stimulates another : synesthesia is the technical name, from the Greek syn (together) aisthanesthai (to perceive). A thick garment of perception is woven thread by overlapping thread. A similar word is synthesis, in which the garment of thought is woven together idea by idea, and which originally referred to the light muslin clothing worn by the ancient Romans.

Daily life is a constant onslaught on one’s perceptions, and every-one experiences some intermingling of the senses. According to Gestalt psychologists, when people are asked to relate a list of non-sense words to shapes and colors they identify certain sounds with certain shapes in ways that fall into clear patterns. What’s more surprising is that this is true whether they are from the United States, England, the Mahali peninsula, or Lake Tanganyika. People with intense synesthesia tend to respond in predictable ways, too. A survey of two thousand synesthetes from various cultures revealed many similarities in the colors they assigned to sounds. People often associate low sounds with dark colors and high sounds with bright colors, for instance. A certain amount of synesthesia is built into our senses. If one wished to create instant synesthesia, a dose of mescaline or hashish would do nicely by exaggerating the neural connections between the senses. Those who experience intense synesthesia naturally on a regular basis are rare—only about one in every five hundred thousand people—and neurologist Richard Cytowic traces the phenomenon to the limbic system, the most primitive part of the brain, calling synesthetes “living cognitive fossils”, because they may be people whose limbic system is not entirely governed by the much more sophisticated (and more recently evolved) cortex. As he says, “synesthesia .... may be a memory of how early mammals saw, heard, smelled, tasted and touched.”

While synesthesia drives some people to distraction, it drives distractions away from others. While it is a small plague to the person who doesn’t want all that sensory overload, it invigorates those who are indelibly creative. Some of the most famous synesthetes have been artists. Composers Aleksandr Scriabin and Nikolai Rimski-Korsakov both freely associated colors with music when they wrote. To Rimski-Korsakov, C major was white; to Scriabin it was red. To Rimski-Korsakov, A major was rosy, to Scriabin it was green. More surprising is how closely their music-color synesthesias matched. Both associated E major with blue (for Rimski-Korsakov, it was sapphire blue, for Scriabin blue-white), A-flat major with purple (for Rimski-Korsakov it was grayish-violet, for Scriabin purple-violet), D major with yellow, etc.

Either writers have been especially graced with synesthesia, or they’ve been keener to describe it. Dr Johnson once said that scarlet “represented nothing so much as the clangour of a trumpet.” Baudelaire took pride in his sensory Esperanto, and his sonnet on the correspondences between perfumes, colors, and sounds greatly influenced the synesthesia-loving Symbolist movement. Symbol comes from the Greek word symballein, “to throw together”, and, as The Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature explains, the Symbolists believed that “all arts are parallel translations of one fundamental mystery. Senses correspond to each other; a sound can be translated through a perfume and a perfume through a vision. .....Haunted by these horizontal correspondences” and using suggestion rather than straightforward communication, they sought “the One hidden in Nature behind the Many.” Rimbaud, who assigned colors to each of the vowel sounds and once described A as a “black hairy corset of loud flies”, claimed that the only way an artist can arrive at life’s truths is by experiencing “every form of love, of suffering, of madness”, to be prepared for by “a long immense planned disordering of all the senses.” The Symbolists, who were avid drug takers, delighted in the way hallucinogens intensified all their senses simultaneously. They would have loved (for a short time) taking LSD while watching Walt Disney’s Fantasia, in which pure color dramatizes, melts into, and spurts from classical music. Few artists have written about synesthesia with the all-out precision and charm of Vladimiar Nabokov, who, in Speak, Memory, analyses what he calls his “colored hearing”:

Perhaps “hearing” is not quite accurate, since the color sensation seems to be produced by the very act of my orally forming a given letter while I imagine its outline. The long a of the English alphabet ... has for me the tint of weathered wood, but a French a evokes polished ebony. This black group also includes hard g (vulcanized rubber) and r (a sooty rag being ripped). Oatmeal n, noodle-limp l, and the ivory-backed hand mirror of o take care of ........”

Synesthesia can be hereditary, so it’s not surprising that Nabokov’s mother experienced it, nor that it expressed itself slightly differently in her son. However, it’s odd to think of Nabokov, Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, Huysmans, Baudelaire, Joyce, Dylan Thomas and other notorious synesthetes as being more primitive than most people, but that may indeed be true. Great artists feel at home in the luminous spill of sensation, to which they add their own complex sensory Niagara. It would certainly have amused Nabokov to imagine himself closer than others to his mammalian ancestors, which he would no doubt have depicted in a fictional hall of mirrors with suave, prankish, Nabokovian finesse.

[1]	Those who experience intense synesthesia are rare. Which cluster are synesthetes? (1) Some artists, mystics and drug takers (2) Infants and Symbolists and Musicians (3) Some artists, babies and avid drug takers (4) Artists and babies

[2]	According to Richard Cytowic the most primitive part of the brain is: (1) Medulla (2) Cerebrum (3) Cortex (4) Limbic system

[3]	Which statement best describes the experience of synesthesia? (1) It is a long immense disordering of all the senses (2) All the sentences are correct (3) A thick garment of perception is woven thread by overlapping thread (4) A garment of thought is woven idea by idea, like the light muslin cloth

[4]	Which composer/s associated E major with blue, while writing? (1) Alexsandr Scriabin and Rimski-Korsakov (2) Alexsandr Scriabin and Bob Dylan (3) Alek Sandr Scriabin (4) Bob Dylan and Rimski-Korsakov

[5]	According to synesthesia: (1) “the stimulation of one sense stimulates another” (2) all of the above (3) the brain tries to see “the one hidden in nature behind the many” (4) “all arts are parallel translations of one fundamental mystery

[6]

Non-synesthetes (complete the sentence):
(1) can never become artists and reach extraordinary heights
(2) would love to take LSD (for a short time) while watching Walt Disney’s Fantasia
(3) tame all the sensory impressions into rigorous categories of common sense
(4) are living cognitive fossils who use their limbic system more

[7]	From the passage, which other category of people (not mentioned in the passage) could be experiencing synesthesia (1) Mystics (2) Actors (3) Scientists (4) Chefs

[8]	People with intense synesthesia respond in predictable ways. Which of the following experience is not shared by co-synesthetes? (1) Musical note A Major is green (2) All are not shared by synesthetes (3) Low sounds are associated with dark colours (4) High sounds are associated with bright colours

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4.

Behaviour therapy has a long and productive history of empirically researched treatments for a wide range of adult and child disorders, but what is dialectical behaviour therapy? It is an integration of behaviour therapy with other perspectives and practices that includes, most notably, principles and practice of Zen and an overarching dialectical philosophy that guides the treatment. The treatment, developed by Marsha Linehan (1987) evolved over almost 20 years of work with chronically suicidal women. It is rooted firmly in the principles and practices of behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy, including a strong emphasis on systematic ongoing assessment and data collection during treatment; operational definitions of clearly defined target behaviours; a therapist-patient relationship that emphasizes collaboration, orienting the patient to the treatment, and education of the patient; and the use of any standard cognitive and behavioural treatment strategies. But it also has a number of distinctive characteristics that have emerged partly in response to characteristics of this patient population. One of these is an emphasis on dialectics. The fundamental dialectic with this population is the need for both acceptance and change. The therapist needs to fully accept the patient as he or she is and at the same time to persistently and insistently push for and help the patient to change. The therapist also tries to develop and strengthen an attitude of acceptance towards reality on the part of the patient as well as the motivation and ability to change what can be changed. This dialectic both flows from and is addressed by the integration of behaviour therapy with Zen practice, Rogerian practice, and others. The therapist also needs to think in a dialectical fashion, not becoming polarized but seeing the value of opposing points of view and finding appropriate synthesis.

The treatment rests on the dialectic of two core sets of strategies : validation strategies and problem-solving strategies. Behaviour therapy has emphasized problem solving but has had little to say about validation or acceptance. DBT also involves a dialectic of communication style between a reciprocal, warm, genuine interpersonal style and a more irreverent style and a dialectic in case management between consultation to the patient regarding how to manage his or her environment on the one hand and direct environmental intervention by the therapist on the other. DBT was developed to address the issues that lead therapists of not only behavioural but also other theoretical orientations to frequently get stuck, go down blind alleys, and in some cases even contribute to serious, even fatal, deterioration in the patient’s well-being. DBT does not particularly emphasize the role of the patient’s motivational factors (e.g., resistance) in understanding the difficulty these patients have in changing. Rather, it recognizes that they almost always are seriously deficient in a wide spectrum of interpersonal, emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and other skills. However, the behaviour therapist who attempts to treat the borderline patient by a relatively structured sequence of skills acquisition and practice, as one might do with some patients who have depressive or anxiety disorders, quickly discovers that the patient’s emotional sensitivity necessitates presenting skills, and problem-solving in general, within a context in which the patient feels understood and validated, particularly with regard to his or her emotions and motives.

Conducting skills training in individual therapy with borderline patients is frequently almost impossible because of the recurrent chaos and crises of their lives, so that at every session some new behaviour or situation may need to be dealt with. Linehan therefore decided to separate skills training into a separate component of the treatment, typically in a group format, to free up the individual psychotherapist for helping patients manage crises, reinforce the use of skills, and deal with motivational issues that interfere with their using the skills they have. Thus, it is assumed that patients not only have skills deficits but typically also do not use the skills they have.
In DBT, the term “motivational” refers to emotions, cognitions, or reinforcement contingencies that interfere with skilled behaviour. The therapist’s job therefore becomes one of helping the patient overcome inhibitions, change beliefs and thinking styles, and rearrange reinforcement contingencies for adaptive and maladaptive behaviour. The treatment therefore targets both improvement in skills and adequate attention to these several motivational factors that can interfere with them.

[1]

What is the corner-stone of the philosophy that underlies Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)?
(1) Developing a collaborative relationship between patient-therapist, and standard cognitive and behavioural treatment strategies
(2) On-going and systematic assessment and data collection during treatment, with an emphasis on clearly defined target behaviours of the patient which need to be changed
(3) Accepting the patient for what he or she is; while striving to change the patient so that problems are solved
(4) Integration of behaviour therapy with other perspectives notably Zen and dialectics

[2]

DBT has developed because:
(1) Traditional models of therapy is didactic and pedogogical rather than being human and realistic
(2) (3) and (4) both
(3) Lead therapists found that often patient’s health deteriorated totally by the use of traditional methods of therapy
(4) Lead therapists, both behavioural and theoretical, frequently get stuck, and use trial and error while treating patients

[3]	The notion of (1) accepting reality as it is and (2) striving to change what can be changed derives from ____ and ____ respectively. (1) Behaviour therapy; Cognitive therapy (2) Cognitive therapy; Behaviour therapy (3) Rogerian practice; Zen philosophy (4) Zen philosophy; Rogerian practice

[4]

An innovation that Linehan introduced in DBT; and which has led to better results with respect to improvements in the patient is:
(1) Conducting skills training of patients in a separate component as a group format; allowing the individual psychotherapist help patient with motivational issues
(2) The therapist focuses on helping patient overcome inhibitions, change beliefs and thinking styles, and rearrange reinforcement contingencies for adaptive and maladaptive behaviours
(3) The individual psychotherapist uses both skills training and reduction of motivational deficits to help patients
(4) Borderline patients benefit when they are made to go through relatively structured sequence of skills acquisition and practice

[5]

One of the main problems with a DBT therapist could be:
(1) Lack of understanding of Zen philosophy
(2) All of the above
(3) Inability to synthesize opposing perspectives and tending to become polarized while treating a patient
(4) To be reverent and irreverent at the same time while treating a patient

[6]

In the final analysis the advantages of DBT are numerous. Which statement can be inferred as not to be one of the advantages of DBT?
(1) Cultural differences between the patient and the therapist can create complications in the practice of DBT
(2) DBT can be very taxing for the therapist to practice
(3) DBT is an open ended form of treatment, and therapists can choose from a wide repertoire of available techniques
(4) The DBT therapist needs to be a highly skilled and evolved person, which is not possible for many individuals

[7]	Marsha Linehan evolved DBT over almost 20 years of work with: (1) women who were deficient in a wide spectrum of interpersonal, emotion regulation, distress tolerance and other skills (2) all of the above (3) depressive women (4) chronically suicidal women

[8]	Which social institution practices DBT in its essence, without being conscious of it? (1) Hospitals (2) All of these (3) Schools (4) Families

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5.

How do we go about investigating personologic phenomena? Should we adhere to the time-tested rules of common sense, continuously and painstakingly refining our measures and methods until we are virtually infallible? Or should we explore innovative new concepts that will partition the personological realm in ways that are more theoretically and clinically fruitful? One option would be to anchor personological phenomena directly in the empirical world of observables in a one-to-one fashion, tying each attribute to only one indicator. Each attribute would then be its mode of measurement, possessing no information beyond that contained in the procedure itself, akin to operational definitions.

Operational definitions are quite pleasingly precise but considerably limited in scope. Ultimate empirical precision can only be achieved if every defining feature that distinguishes a taxon is anchored to a single observable in the real world; that is, a different datum for every difference observed between personality syndromes. This goal is simply not feasible or desirable: The subject domain of personology is inherently more weekly organized than that of the so-called hard sciences. As one moves from physics and chemistry into biological and psychological arenas, unidirectional causal path-ways give way to feedback and feedforward processes, which in turn give rise to emergent levels of description that are more inferential than the physical substrates that underlie them. Intrapsychic formulations, for example, require that the clinician transcend the level of the merely observable. Owing to their abstract and hypothetical character, these indeterminate and intervening concepts are known as open concepts.

The polar distinction between operational definitions (the paradigm of those who prefer to employ data derived from empirical-practical contexts) and open concepts (those whose ideas are derived from a more causal-theoretical stance) represents in part an epistemological continuum of conceptual specificity to conceptual openness. Each end of this polarity embraces a compromise between scope and precision. The virtue of each hides its vices. The advantage of operationism is obvious: Personality syndromes and the attributes of which they are composed are rendered unambiguous. Diagnostic identifications are directly translatable into measurement procedures, maximizing precision. However, the direct mapping of attributes to measurement procedures required ignores the biases incumbent to any one procedure, so that operationism is fatally deficient in scope.

The “open concept” model, likewise, has its own advantage : Open concepts acknowledge the desirability of multiple measurement procedures and encourage their user to move freely in more abstract and inferential realms. Each open concept can be embedded in a theoretical matrix or network from which its meaning is derived through its relations with other open concepts, with only indirect reference to explicit observables. The disadvantage is that open concepts may become so circuitous in their references that they become tautological and completely decoupled from observables. No doubt clarity gets muddled and deductions become tautological in statements such as “in the borderline the mechanisms of the ego disintegrate when libidinous energies overwhelm superego introjections.” In such formulations, the scope of a theory overwhelms the testability of its empirical linkages, rendering precision zero.

Due to simple pragmatism, all scientific models, being simplifications of nature, must reach a compromise between scope and precision. We are not yet mystics at the beginning of a science : Unlike the individually borne thinking in a taxonomy which carves nature at its joints, we are acutely conscious that the relations among our naive representations are not those intrinsic to the subject domain itself. No one today would seriously put Hippocrates’s humoral theory forward as a model of personality syndromes. Instead, such formulations resemble the more or less unrefined and often self-contradictory knowledge of commonsense than the wellcriticized and well-corroborated knowledge of science. As disputable as common sense is, it is nevertheless the point of departure for scientific knowledge and a source of common sense taxonomies.

On an individual level, what distinguishes these two broad approaches? What does each individual scientist do to carry out his or her approach? Evidently, the theoretical approach is driven primarily by taking perspective on sense-near representations in order to discover underlying theoreticcausal relations from which a more coherent, internally corroborating system of constructs might be established. New constructs are generated, “more or less removed from the level of directly observable things and events.” Some old ones are discarded, while others have their meaning sharpened or transformed as the system of relations is made more explicit. A process of reflection seems essential. Such representations are referred to as theoretical constructs, to reinforce their abstract origins in the mind of a reflective scientists.

Empiricism, however, tends to keep close to sense-near representations and holds theory as a dubious entity. The empiricist’s vocabulary, then, remains “largely observational”. As an ideal type, empirical preoccupations tend toward the progressive refinement of methods of observing of preexisting constructs, rather than the generation of new ones, toward ever greater agreement of man-with-man (interrater reliability), man-with-himself (reliability over occasions), and greater purity of observation (internal consistency).

Few members of the modern scientific community are native empiricists, yet “no science embraced empiricism more wholeheartedly than psychology”. Moreover, some of the assumptions underlying empiricism are insidious and difficult to escape from, even when one ostensibly believes in the utility of theory. Foremost among criticisms is that the empiricism of common sense, naive realism, believes that the world it takes in is the world as it is. Commonsensical empiricism literally believes its constructs are the world. There is no reason to leave the security of immediate perception. Ultimately, this agenda rests on the assumption that theory-neutral data exist; that is, that one can know the world without transforming it. In the world view of radical empiricism, there are no mediating mental constructs to foul things up. If only it were so, then every act of observation would be an act of knowledge. Each small fact would present us with an objectivity, to be plucked from the world like fruit, collected as a hobby, or catalogued like microscope slides. Because naive empiricism remains unconscious of the potentially deceiving role of mental constructs, it believes itself to be carving nature at its joints just as it is. Naive empiricism, then, is really a false mysticism which breaches the gulf between subject and object by denying that any such gulf exists; it is a naive realism which believes that what you see is what you get.

[1]	The passage discusses two approaches which are used to investigate personologic phenomenon. These are: (1) “Operational definitions” and “Open concepts” (2) “Facts” and “Theory” (3) “Commonsensical empiricism” and “naive mysticism” (4) “Personology” and “Hard sciences”

[2]

Which statement is not an advantage of “operationism”?
(1) Data is derived from empirical-practical content
(2) Direct mapping of personologic attributes to measurement mode, frees them from making inferences
(3) Personality syndromes and attributes become clear and unambiguous
(4) Measurement procedures are maximized and this increases precision

[3]

Which statement does not describe a characteristic of “open concepts”?
(1) “Open concepts” derive their meaning from theoretical frameworks and models
(2) “Open concepts” allows the researcher to move freely in more abstract and inferential realms
(3) “Open concepts” model allows the researcher to use multiple measurement procedures
(4) “Open concepts” free research from becoming tautological and decoupled from observables

[4]

Science moves away from commonsense in some
essential ways. Which statement reflects one such way?
(1) A scientist introduces new “theoretical terms” which are embedded in theory, and more or less removed from the level of directly observable things and events, while researching
(2) A scientist ignores biases incumbent in multiple measurement procedures and moves freely in abstractions
(3) A scientist progresses from a “theoretical stage” to the “natural history” stage while researching
(4) A scientist is acutely conscious of identifying representations that are intrinsic to the subject of inquiry

[5]

From the passage what are the characteristics of a researcher who wants to examine personologic phenomenon?
(1) The researcher is adept in clinically and painstakingly refining measures to the point that no information beyond that contained in the procedure is valid
(2) All the above characteristics
(3) The researcher should be able to move from empirical
to theoretical by discovering underlying theoretic causal relationship existing in the phenomenon that is examined
(4) The researcher should be a good reflective scientist, who is able to carve nature at its joints

[6]

The corner stone of the philosophy of “Empiricism” is:
(1) Empiricism in its pure form is mysticism
(2) To strive and refine methods of pre-existing constructs, rather than generating new constructs to explain what exists
(3) There is no gulf between “subject” and “object” and all data is theory free
(4) Mediating mental constructs do not affect reality as it exists

[7]	Which science has adopted “Empiricism” wholeheartedly according to the passage? (1) Biology (2) All of these (3) Hard sciences (4) Psychology

[8]	“Interrater reliability”, “Test-retest reliability” and “internal consistency”, are terms that will preoccupy a/an: (1) mystic (2) pure empiricist (3) common sense empiricist (4) personologic scientist

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6.

Another style which is only partially dependent on situational factors for its effectiveness is the Pioneering-Innovative management. Like Likert, Khandwalla preferred to use the expression ‘management’ rather than ‘leadership’, though his theory could easily be taken for a theory of leadership styles of top executives. He accepted that the operative mode of the top management sets the tone for the lower levels. He therefore administered a questionnaire to the top level executives of 75 varied organisations. In addition to other variables, the responses disclosed a mode of functioning which he labelled as ‘PI Management.’ PI Management is characterised by a strong emphasis on attributes such as (1) Adapting freely to changing circumstances without concern for past management practices or traditions; (2) Marketing new and novel products or services; (3) Acquiring the latest, most sophisticated plant, machinery and equipment; (4) High return on investments even if they involve high risk; (5) High quality and high price orientation in marketing company’s established products or services; (6) Innovation and experimentation in every area of management; (7) Ability to come up with original solutions and novel ideas; (8) Being a pioneer within the industry in marketing technologically sophisticated products and services.

Managements that score high on PI claim to pursue a business strategy of pioneering, novel, technologically sophisticated, high quality products and plants. They seem willing to take necessary risks attendant on this strategy. Since they seek to be pioneers, they cannot afford not to adapt or innovate. Indeed, they try to be aggressively adaptive and innovative, not merely technologically but also in various areas of management. Interestingly enough, the current levels of PI in organizations are more strongly influenced by strategic decisions taken in the past than the other way around. That is, the past Pl has an insignificant effect on present norms, decisions and managerial functions. For example, the past policy of recruiting creative managers at junior levels deliberate efforts to inject pioneering and innovative practices regarding business strategies (with reference to diversification, integration, marketing), operating modes (e.g. autonomy, accountability, cooperation), and personnel (e.g. reward and punishment, communication) were found to have significant effects on the current levels of Pl; but past PI did not influence any of it. Similarly, past norms regarding excellence, expertise, dedication and the lower levels of dependency facilitated current PI levels, but not the other way around. In sum, PI management is an outcome rather than a cause of managerial policies and practices. Furthermore, PI management is more effective in an environment which offers opportunities than one which is highly controlled.

Once PI management becomes operative, it improves overall performance, the organisation’s growth, public image as well as adaptability to circumstances improve. It heightens the achievement and result orientation of top management and lowers authoritarian norms at middle management levels. In order to realise the organisation’s goals, the PI executives seek out a complex, turbulent but favourable environment. It is worth noting that past PI is negatively related to the maintenance of friendly relations with colleagues. PI ‘perhaps temporarily lowers friendship ties at senior management levels.’ Relationship orientation, particularly primary relationship, is probably not part of the PI package. Relationship is an offshoot of the ‘affiliative orientation’ which is a business typical of the traditional style of management. According to Khandwalla “a traditional top management, wedded to the status quo, may breed a clubby kind of affiliative, even somewhat task-oriented, work ethic at the next level of management, but a ‘politicised’, cliquish, conflict ridden, low work ethic, passivity prone culture at middle-junior management levels. Also, the tenure of senior managers tends to be long in conservative setups. This may breed a fairly strong, affiliative orientation among the old timers.” Khandwalla devised an essentially PI-like strategy for the turnaround management of sick enterprises.

A few years later, Khandwalla added that it is the ‘humane’ rather than the ‘surgical’ turnaround strategy which works in the developmental context. The turnaround and PI styles should be considered as a whole and integrated model in which the relative relevance of each depends on the health of the organisation. The sick ones need turnaround to be followed by PI management in order to make the organization even more vibrant and healthy. The underlying basic assumption in both of them is the centrality of the task system which must be built, restructured and managed rationally and scientifically.

[1]	According to the passage, managers who adopt PI management style (1) Avoid risks (2) Adopt sophisticated technology (3) Do not adapt or innovate (4) None of the above

[2]	Which of the following is NOT a correct statement? (1) Organisation’s growth is regulated by PI Management Style (2) Organisation’s image improves with PI Management Style (3) PI Management improves organisation’s adaptability (4) PI Management improves the result orientation of organisation

[3]	According to the author of the passage, (1) Khandwalla is a proponent of the traditional style of management (2) Khandwalla is a critique of the traditional style of management (3) Khandwalla is neither a proponent nor a critique of the traditional style of management (4) None of the above

[4]	According to the author, (1) Khandwalla proposes a humane turnaround (2) Khandwalla proposes a surgical turnaround (3) Khandwalla proposes a mix of humane and surgical turnaround (4) None of the above

[5]

According to the passage,
(1) Effectiveness of ‘Pioneering – Innovative Management’ style is not dependent on situational factors
(2) Situational factors have no influence on ‘Pioneering – Innovative Management’ style
(3) Effectiveness of ‘Pioneering – Innovative Management’ style is partially influenced by situational factors
(4) Situational factors totally control ‘Pioneering – Innovative Management’ style

[6]

Which of the following is a correct statement?
(1) The present norms and managerial functions are influenced by 'Pioneering – Innovativeness'
(2) 'Pioneering - Innovativeness' of the past has no significant influence on present norms and managerial functions
(3) The ‘Pioneering – Innovativeness’ of the past has very little impact on present norms and managerial functions
(4) None of the above

[7]

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
(1) The policy of recruiting creative managers at junior levels has direct impact on the current levels of ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management
(2) Deliberate efforts to develop innovative business strategies has direct impact on ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management
(3) Steps to inculcate innovative operating models has direct impact on ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management
(4) Past ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management had influence on present business strategies

[8]	According to the passage, (1) ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management enhances performance (2) ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management inhibits performance (3) ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management controls performance (4) ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management measures performance

[9]

Which of the following is a correct statement?
(1) ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management is a result of top management policies and practices.
(2) Management policies and practices are a result of ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management.
(3) 'Pioneering – Innovative’ management works well in a closed environment.
(4) ‘Pioneering – Innovative’ management works well in a controlled environment.

[10]

According to the passage,
(1) Past practices of encouraging excellence had no influence on current ‘PI’ levels
(2) Past practices of encouraging excellence influenced current ‘PI’ levels
(3) Past ‘PI’ levels influenced current focus on excellence
(4) Past ‘Pl’ levels influenced the current level of expertise.

[11]

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
(1) ‘PI’ management is characterised by an emphasis on innovation
(2) Emphasis on high return on investment is characteristic of ‘PI’ management
(3) Emphasis on high quality and low price is characteristic of ‘PI’ management
(4) ‘PI’ management is characterised by an emphasis on being a pioneer

[12]

Which of the following is a correct statement?
(1) Khandwalla used a questionnaire to seek responses from 75 respondents.
(2) Khandwalla used a questionnaire to seek responses from executives of 75 respondents.
(3) Khandwalla sought responses from 75 organisations of similar nature.
(4) Likert sought responses from 75 organisations of similar nature

[13]

According to the passage,
(1) Khandwalla believes that lower levels are influenced by the style of top management
(2) Likert believed that lower levels are influenced by the style of top management
(3) Neither Likert nor Khandwalla believed that lower levels are influenced by the style of top management
(4) None of the above

[14]

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
(1) Likert preferred to use the expression ‘management’ instead of ‘leadership’
(2) Khandwalla preferred to use the expression ‘management’ instead of ‘leadership’
(3) Neither the work of Likert nor that of Khandwalla deal with the theory of
‘leadership’.
(4) Both Likert and Khandwalla deal with the theory of ‘leadership’.

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